It celebrates the giving of the Torah on Mt Sinai to Moses and the Israelites, fifty days (hence "Pentecost") after the first day following the first Sabbath of Passover week. (My details may be slightly hazy.)
The other significant Shavu'ot for Christians occurred about 1500 years after that first one, and is detailed in Acts chapter 2. Following is a brief comparison of the two events.
SHAVUOT AT MT. SINAI | SHAVUOT ON MT. ZION (in Jerusalem) |
Occurred 50 days after Firstfruits (the first day following the first Sabbath of Passover week, when the Passover lamb had been slain). | Occurred 50 days after Firstfruits (the first day following the first Sabbath of Passover week, when the true Lamb of God had been slain). |
Commandments of God were written on tablets of stone | Commandments of God were written on human hearts (Jere. 31:33; 2 Cor. 3:3) |
The commandments were written by the finger of God. | The commandments were written by the Spirit of God. (Heb. 8:10) |
Three thousand were slain (Ex. 21:1-8, 26-28) | Three thousand were born again (Acts 2:38-41) |
The letter of the Torah (Law) was given. | The Spirit of the Torah (Law) was bestowed (Rom. 2:29, 7:6). |
The earth shook, fire descended, a mighty rushing wind blew, and they heard God's voice (Exodus 19) | A mighty wind blew, tongues of fire descended and many voices proclaimed God's message (Acts 2). |
God took a group of slaves and made them into a nation that has survived persecutions, pograms, dispersion, and the Holocaust. | God took a group of illiterate Galileans and made them into a church that has survived and thrived for over 2,000 years. |
Jewish tradition holds that when God spoke to Moses, He not only spoke in Hebrew but His voice split into 70 voices so that all the nations should understand. | All of the strangers from distant lands that were in Jerusalem during this celebration understood the message in their own language. |
Two loaves of leavened barley bread (not just the grain, as at other feasts) were brought to the altar of God. | Two sinful peoples, Jews and Gentiles, were brought to the altar of God. |
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